Toxorhynchites brevipalpis Theobald, 1901 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1959: Opinion 548).
Subfamily Culicinae, genus Toxorhynchites. Subgenus Toxorhynchites includes 58 extant species and a single extinct (fossil) species. Subgenus abbreviation – Tox.
Species of Toxorhynchites are extremely similar in all life stages; adult characters are used to characterise and distinguish the subgenera. ADULTS ‒ Maxillary palpus of females short, about 0.25 length of proboscis, apex blunt; antenna of females normal; mesokatepisternum without golden scales; forecoxa white-scaled; laterotergite of abdominal segment I with dense covering of scales; midungues of males unequal, larger one with tooth. MALE GENITALIA ‒ Gonostylar claw short, 0.1‒0.2 length of gonostylus; aedeagus with narrow dorsal aedeagal bridge; paraproct without unsclerotised transverse band. LARVAE and PUPAE ‒ Known for many species and well described or illustrated for some, but subgeneric characters are not delineated; pupae seem to be easily distinguished based on distinctive features of the chaetotaxy, trumpet and paddle but larvae exhibit few diagnostic differences. See genus Toxorhynchites.
Interspecific relationships between Oriental and Australasian species of subgenus Toxorhynchites were explored by Moss et al. (1979) and Simon et al. (1983) using phenetic and cladistic methods, respectively. Steffan & Evenhuis (1985) proposed an internal classification of the subgenus comprised of seven species groups based in large part on morphological similarities recognised by Moss et al. and phylogenetic trees recovered in the analyses of Simon et alia.
The immature stages of species of subgenus Toxorhynchites have been found in tree holes, stump holes, bamboo internodes, bamboo stumps, split bamboo, axils of Allocasia and Colocasia, Nepenthes pitchers, rock holes and artificial containers. All instars of larvae are predacious and mainly feed on larvae of other mosquito species. Females, like the males, feed exclusively on plant exudates, and are therefore not vectors of human or animal pathogens. See Steffan & Evenhuis (1981) and Collins & Blackwell (2000) for details of Toxorhynchites biology.
Afrotropical, Australian and Oriental Regions, with extensions into the Manchurian Subregion of the Palaearctic.
Barraud, 1934 (as Megarhinus, south-central Asia, keys, descriptions, bionomics, distributions); Edwards, 1941 (as Megarhinus, Afrotropical Region, also species of subgenus Afrorhynchus, adults, keys, descriptions, distributions; pupa of Tx. brevipalpis); Hopkins, 1952 (Afrotropical Region, also species of subgenus Afrorhynchus, larvae, descriptions, bionomics); Thurman, 1959 (Thailand, keys, taxonomy, descriptions, bionomics, distributions); Belkin, 1962 (South Pacific, 3 species, keys, taxonomy, descriptions, bionomics, distributions); Moss et al., 1979 (phenetic similarities of Oriental species); Tanaka et al., 1979 (Japan, 3 species, keys, taxonomy, descriptions, distributions, bionomics); Steffan & Evenhuis, 1981 (biology); Simon et al., 1983 (phylogeny of Oriental and Australasian species); Steffan & Evenhuis, 1985 (Australasian, Oriental and eastern Palaearctic Regions, phylogeny, biogeography, bionomics, taxonomy, morphology, classification, keys); Evenhuis & Steffan, 1986 (Oriental Region, Acaudatus Group, keys, taxonomy, distributions, bionomics); Lee et al., 1988 (Australasian Region, keys, taxonomy, literature, distributions, bionomics); Service, 1990 (Afrotropical Region, also species of subgenus Afrorhynchus, keys, descriptions, bionomics, distributions); Ribeiro, 1991 (Afrotropical Region, Brevipalpis Group, keys, taxonomy, descriptions, distributions); Rattanarithikul et al., 2007 (Thailand, keys, bionomics); Tyagi et al., 2015 (south central and south eastern Asia, key (adults, 24 species), bionomics, distribuitons, comparative morphology of species and subgenera).
abyssinicus Ribeiro, 1991
acaudatus (Leicester, 1908)
albipes (Edwards, 1922)
albitarsis (Brug, 1939)
amboinensis (Doleschall, 1857)
angustiplatus Evenhuis & Steffan, 1986
ater (Daniels, 1908)
auranticauda Lane, 1992
aurifluus (Edwards, 1921)
auripes (Edwards, 1935)
barbipes Edwards, 1913
bengalensis Rosenberg & Evenhuis, 1985
bickleyi Thurman, 1959
brevipalpis Theobald, 1901
camaronis Ribeiro, 1991
christophi (Portschinsky, 1884)
coeruleus (Brug, 1934)
conradti Grünberg, 1907
darjeelingensis Tyagi et al., 2015
domrey Macquart & Rahola, 2023 (in Macquart et al., 2023)
dundo (Ribeiro, 1991)
edwardsi (Barraud, 1924)
evansae (Edwards, 1936)
funestus (Leicester, 1908)
gigantulus (Dyar & Shannon, 1925)
gravelyi (Edwards, 1921)
indicus Evenhuis & Steffan, 1986
inornatus (Walker, 1865)
kempi (Edwards, 1921)
klossi (Edwards, 1921)
leicesteri Theobald, 1904
lewisi Ribeiro, 1991
macaensis Ribeiro, 1997
magnificus (Leicester, 1908)
manicatus (Edwards, 1921)
manopi Thurman, 1959
metallicus Leicester, 1904 (in Theobald, 1904)
mexicanus Zavortink & Poinar, 2008 (fossil species, 16.4–28.5 Mya, Cenozoic, Early Miocene to Late Oligocene)
minimus (Theobald, 1905)
nepenthicola Steffan & Evenhuis, 1982
nepenthis (Dyar & Shannon, 1925)
nigripes (Edwards, 1935)
okinawensis Toma, Miyagi & Tanaka, 1990
pendleburyi (Edwards, 1930)
phytophagus Theobald, 1909
quasiferox (Leicester, 1908)
rajah Tsukamoto, 1989
ramalingami Evenhuis & Steffan, 1986
raris (Leicester, 1908)
rickenbachi Ribeiro, 1991
rodhaini Ribeiro, 1991
speciosus (Skuse, 1889)
splendens (Wiedemann, 1819)
sumatranus (Brug, 1939)
sunthorni Thurman, 1959
towadensis (Matsumara, 1916)
tyagii Krishnamoorthy et al., 2013
yaeyamae Bohart, 1956
yamadai (Ôuchi, 1939)