Subgenus Christya Theobald, 1903
Anopheles implexus (Theobald, 1903), original combination: Christya implexa.
Subfamily Anophelinae, genus Anopheles. Subgenus Christya includes two species; An. okuensis Brunhes, Le Goff & Geoffroy is provisionally placed in the subgenus pending further study. Subgenus abbreviation – Chr.
Based on the morphology of An. implexus, subgenus Christya shares a number of features with genus Chagasia, including speckled legs, tarsi with unusually broad pale bands and a simple pupal trumpet, and is easily recognisable by long tufts of narrow scales projecting from the abdominal segments.
ADULTS ‒ Large mosquitoes; vertex of head with relatively long and narrow erect scales, mainly dark, pale anteriorly, patch of mainly decumbent truncated pale scales in front of erect scales; maxillary palpus with pale rings mainly at apices of palpomeres 2‒5, palpus of females with peculiar knotted appearance due to groups of semi-erect scales; scutum with sparse covering of yellowish setae and yellowish piliform scales; meso- and metathoracic pleura with conspicuous dark scale-patches sharply delimited by silvery lines and pale scaling; about 6 lower mesepimeral setae present; wing with variable pale scaling; femora and tibiae speckled, spots sometimes united to form bands; fore- and midtarsomeres 1‒4 narrowly pale basally, tarsomere 5 entirely dark, hindtarsomere 1 narrowly pale apically and with indefinite broken line of pale scales, hindtarsomere 2 pale in distal half or more, hindtarsomeres 3 and 4 usually entirely pale, hindtarsomere 5 entirely dark or more often with apical half or less pale; abdominal segments 1‒7 with prominent posterolateral tufts of long narrow mainly dark scales projecting perpendicular to segments; sterna 1‒7 each with pair of conspicuous round clearly defined pale spots. MALE GENITALIA ‒ Ninth tergal lobes large and broad; gonocoxite with 1 short parabasal seta on a prominent tubercle; claspette bilobed, mesal lobe with stout apical seta and many fine short and longer setae on inner side, lateral lobe with slender club formed of 2 coalesced setae; aedeagus with 4 pairs of simple or simple and serrated leaflets. LARVAE ‒ Seta 1-A large, brush-like; pair of seta 2-C inserted close together, simple or split into 2 or 3 apical branches; seta 3-C multi-branched, nearly as long as 2-C; seta 3-T and seta 1-I,II,VII multi-branched, not palmate, branches arranged on both sides of a rachis (pinnate), seta 1-III‒VI palmate with simple transparent lanceolate leaflets (not differentiated as blade with apical filament); seta 6-I‒VI all plumose and borne on tubercle. PUPAE ‒ Cephalothorax with median keel forming conspicuous crest posteriorly; trumpet unusually broad and widely open; seta 1-Pa with 2,3 or more straight branches. See genus Anopheles.
In the first phylogenetic study of Anophelinae by Sallum et al. (2000), An. implexus was recovered as sister to Kerteszia + Nyssorhynchus, and this clade was sister to Cellia + all other anophelines except Chagasia. Based on revision and the addition of two taxa to the data set of Sallum et al., An. implexus was recovered as the sister to subgenera Cellia + (Kerteszia + Nyssorhynchus) in the study of Harbach & Kitching (2005). With further revision of the data set, addition of another species and application of more stringent methods of assessing clade support (Harbach & Kitching, 2016), An. implexus was recovered as the sister to all Anophelinae except genus Chagasia.
Species of subgenus Christya are forest mosquitoes. The immature stages of An. implexus are found in streams, seepage, swamps, marshes, pools, ponds and elephant tracks, principally in small heavily shaded residual collections of water. Females of the species are active during the day in some areas and at night in other areas. They commonly bite humans who enter their haunts and are found resting on tree trunks. Larvae of An. okuensis have been found in a mountain stream.
The species of subgenus Christya are not of medical importance to humans.
Christya has a sub-Saharan distribution. Anopheles implexus is most abundant in highland forested areas of eastern Africa from Ethiopia through Sudan to Kenya, Uganda, Burundi and Zambia. It is uncommon and occurs in localised areas in western Africa from Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast through Ghana, Nigeria, Central African Republic and Cameroun to Angola and the Congo basin. Isolated populations are reported from Tanzania and South Africa. Anopheles okuensis is currently only known from highlands in Cameroun.
Evans, 1938 (An. implexus, keys, taxonomy, description, bionomics, distribution); Gillies & de Meillon, 1968 (An. implexus, keys, taxonomy, description, bionomics, distribution); Gillies & Coetzee, 1987 (An. implexus, keys, bionomics, distribution); Harbach & Kitching, 2016 (subgeneric status, phylogeny).
implexus (Theobald, 1903)
okuensis Brunhes, Le Goff & Geoffroy, 1997