Subgenus Lynchiella Lahille, 1904
Toxorhynchites haemorrhoidalis (Fabricius, 1787), original combination: Culex haemorrhoidalis.
Subfamily Culicinae, genus Toxorhynchites. Subgenus Lynchiella includes 20 species. Subgenus abbreviation – Lyn.
Species of Toxorhynchites are extremely similar in all life stages; adult characters are used to characterise and distinguish the subgenera. ADULTS ‒ Maxillary palpus of females 0.65–0.75 length of proboscis, apex blunt; antenna of females normal; mesokatepisternum with golden scales; forecoxa white-scaled; laterotergite of abdominal segment I with dense covering of scales; midungues of males unequal, larger one with tooth. MALE GENITALIA ‒ Gonostylar claw short, 0.1‒0.2 length of gonostylus; aedeagus with narrow dorsal aedeagal bridge; paraproct without unsclerotised transverse band. LARVAE and PUPAE ‒ Poorly studied or unknown, larvae of known species are indistinguishable based on available (largely incomplete) descriptions. See genus Toxorhynchites.
The phylogenetic relationships of Lynchiella have not been investigated, but see Steffan & Evenhuis (1985) and Ribeiro (2004) for discussions of similarities and postulated affinities of Toxorhynchites with other Culicidae.
The immature stages of species of subgenus Lynchiella have been found in tree holes, cut and bored bamboo, bromeliads, plant axils, rock holes and artificial containers. All instars of larvae are predacious and mainly feed on larvae of other mosquito species. Females and males feed exclusively on plant secretions. Females are harmless to humans and other vertebrates. See Steffan & Evenhuis (1981) and Collins & Blackwell (2000) for details of Toxorhynchites biology.
Subgenus Lynchiella is predominantly Neotropical, with an extension northward into eastern U.S.A. and southeastern Canada represented by Tx. rutilus.
Lane, 1953 (taxonomy, keys, descriptions, distributions); Cova-Garcia et al., 1966 (Venezuela, 5 species, key, distributions, literature); Belkin et al., 1970 (Jamaica and adjacent islands, keys for three species; taxonomy, description, bionomics, distribution of Tx. portoricensis); Steffan & Evenhuis, 1981 (biology); Clark-Gil & Darsie, 1983 (Guatemala, key for adults of Tx. grandiosus, Tx. haemorrhoidalis superbus and Tx. theobaldi, key for larvae of Tx. haemorrhoidalis superbus and Tx. theobaldi); Darsie, 1985 (Argentina, keys for adults and larvae).
bambusicola (Lutz & Neiva, 1913/
caatingensis Andrake & la Corte, 2021
cavalierii García & Casal, 1967
gerbergi Belkin, 1977
grandiosus (Williston, 1900)
guadeloupensis (Dyar & Knab, 1906)
haemorrhoidalis (Fabricius, 1787)
hypoptes (Knab, 1907)
mariae (Bourroul, 1904)
moctezuma (Dyar & Knab, 1906)
portoricensis (von Röder, 1885)
rizzoi (de Deus Palma & Galvão, 1969)
pusillus (da Costa Lima, 1931)
rutilus (Coquillett, 1896)
separatus (Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891)
septentrionalis (Dyar & Knab, 1906)
solstitialis (Lutz, 1904) (in Bourroul, 1904)
superbus (Dyar & Knab, 1906)
theobaldi (Dyar & Knab, 1906)
violaceus (Wiedemann, 1820)
