Subgenus Mansonioides Theobald, 1907
Mansonioides septemguttata Theobald, 1907 [junior synonym of Mansonia annulifera (Theobald, 1901)].
Subfamily Culicinae, genus Mansonia. Subgenus Mansonioides includes 10 species. Subgenus abbreviation – Mnd.
ADULTS ‒ Proboscis shorter than forefemur; maxillary palpus of males distinctly longer than proboscis, palpomere 5 minute; scutal scales numerous and of at least 2 colours, pale scaling forming spots or irregular longitudinal lines; acrostichal setae weakly developed or absent; legs with numerous pale markings, tarsi with pale rings; wing veins speckled with broad dark and pale asymmetrical scales. FEMALE GENITALIA ‒ Abdominal segment VIII small, usually retracted into segment VII, tergumshort with thick spiniform setae near posterior border, sternum with conspicuous flap-like extensions laterally; cerci small, with pointed apices, without internal wedge-shaped extensions; postgenital lobe small, almost completely divided medially into lateral plates; 3 spermathecal capsules, 2 large, 1 rudimentary. MALE GENITALIA ‒ Gonocoxite excavated and extensively membranous on mesal surface, tergomesal margin produced and bearing row of thick strongly developed setae; gonostylus irregular in shape, gonostylar claw absent; claspette very long, nearly reaching apex of gonocoxite, with 1 or more apical spiniform setae; aedeagus more or less elongate, with continuous broad dorsal sclerotisation, usually with median projection. LARVAE ‒ Antenna with distal part beyond setae 2,3-A less than half length of basal part; setae 2,3-A longer than distal part of antenna; seta 4-III,IV inserted mesad of seta 3; setae 4,5-VIII removed from seta 3-VIII; comb with only 1‒3 blunt rounded scales without fringe; siphon with seta 1-S inserted adjacent to base of modified spiracular lobe; ventral brush (seta 4-X) with 5 pairs of setae on grid and line of precratal setae inserted mid-ventrally on saddle. PUPAE ‒ Apex of trumpet produced into a heavily sclerotised spine projecting freely from lobe on one side; seta 1- or 5-II‒VII or both very long; seta 3-II‒VI present, 3-VII absent; seta 11-II‒VII absent; paddle relatively broad. See genus Mansonia.
Species of the Old World subgenus Mansonioides are very similar to those of the New World subgenus Mansonia. The two subgenera are probably sister taxa, but this requires phylogenetic confirmation. The evolutionary relationships of the subgenus and its species have not been investigated.
The immature stages of Mansonioides species are most often associated with aquatic plants of the genus Pistia, but the larvae and pupae of some species use the roots of other aquatic plants to obtain air. They are commonly found in ponds, lakes, swamps, marshes and ditches. Larvae usually occur in fairly deep water. Females insert the end of their abdomen under the surface of the water to deposit their eggs. Females of most species readily attack humans both indoors and outdoors and are often series pests. They are normally active during crepuscular and nocturnal periods, but some species feed during the daytime.
Some species of subgenus Mansonioides are vectors of Wuchereria malayi and W. bancrofti, and may play a role in the transmission of yellow fever virus. Viruses and Mansonioides vectors listed by White & Faust (2014) include Banzi (Ma. africana), Bunyamwera (Ma. africana, Ma. uniformis), Chikungunya (Ma. africana, Ma. uniformis), Rift Valley fever (Ma. africana, Ma. uniformis?), Sindbis (Ma. africana), Spondweni (Ma. africana, Ma. uniformis) and Wesselsbron (Ma. uniformis) viruses in Africa, and Septik virus (Ma. septempunctata) in Australia.
Mansonioides is an Old World taxon, with species in the Afrotropical Region (sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar), Oriental Region, Manchurian Subregion of the Palaearctic and the Australasian Region (Solomon Islands and northward from Queensland, Australia).
Belkin, 1962 (South Pacific, taxonomy, description, bionomics, distribution); Ronderos & Bachmann, 1963 (subgeneric status, diagnosis); Delfinado, 1966 (Philippines, taxonomy, description, keys); Tanaka et al., 1979 (Japan, taxonomy, description, distribution, keys); Lee et al., 1988 (Australasian Region, taxonomy, literature, keys, descriptions, bionomics, distributions); Service, 1990 (Afrotropical Region, keys, descriptions, distributions, bionomics); Rattanarithikul & Panthusiri, 1994 (Thailand, medical importance, keys); Rattanarithikul et al., 2006 (Thailand, description, bionomics, keys); Azari-Hamidian et al., 2020 (Iran, Ma. uniformis, medical importance).
africana (Theobald, 1901)
annulata Leicester, 1908
annulifera (Theobald, 1901)
bonneae Edwards, 1930
dives (Schiner, 1868)
indiana Edwards, 1930
melanesiensis Belkin, 1962
papuensis (Taylor, 1914)
septempunctata Theobald, 1905
uniformis (Theobald, 1901)