Subgenus Mansonia Blanchard, 1901
Mansonia titillans (Walker, 1848), original combination: Culex titillans.
Subfamily Culicinae, genus Mansonia. Subgenus Mansonia includes 15 species. Subgenus abbreviation – Man.
ADULTS ‒ Proboscis usually as as long or slightly longer than forefemur; maxillary palpus of males longer than proboscis; scutal scaling sparse, not forming pattern; scutellum with pale scales, denser on midlobe; femora and tibiae conspicuously speckled with dark and pale scales, femora without distinct preapical pale band on anterior surface; tarsomeres with basal pale rings; wing veins distinctly speckled with pale scales. FEMALE GENITALIA ‒ Cerci strongly developed and angled, with wedge-shaped bases projecting toward midline; postgenital lobe somewhat cleft medially; 3 spermathecal capsules, 2 large and one small. MALE GENITALIA ‒ Abdominal tergum IX membranous, without setae; gonocoxite with membranous mesal surface, tergomesal margin not noticeably produced, with many relatively short slender setae; gonostylus irregular in shape, gonostylar claw present; claspette shorter than gonocoxite, with 1 (usually) or 2 short apical spiniform setae; aedeagus broad, more or less oval and rounded distally, lateral plates joined at proximal and distal ends. LARVAE ‒ Head distinctly wider than long; antenna with distal part beyond setae 2,3-A subequal to or shorter than proximal part, distinctly pigmented; setae 2,3-A more or less same length as distal part of antenna; comb with 3‒7 spine-like scales with or without basolateral spicules, sometimes with fringed squamiform scales; ventral brush (seta 4-X) with 3 or 4 pairs of setae on grid and line of precratal setae inserted mid-ventrally on saddle. PUPAE ‒ Apex of trumpet not produced into a heavily sclerotised spine projecting freely from lobe on one side; all or some of setae 1,3,4,6-II‒VII very long; seta 3-II‒VI present, 3-VII absent; seta 11-II‒VII absent; paddle relatively narrow, inner part usually distinctly shorter than outer part. See genus Mansonia.
Species of the New World subgenus Mansonia are very similar to those of the Old World subgenus Mansonioides. The two subgenera are probably sister taxa, but this requires phylogenetic confirmation. The evolutionary relationships of the subgenus and its species have not been investigated.
Larvae and pupae of species of subgenus Mansonia, like those of subgenus Mansonioides, attach themselves to the roots of aquatic plants to obtain oxygen. Water lettuce (Pistia) and water hyacinth (Eichornia) that flourish in marshes, ponds and lakes are commonly used for respiration. Females avidly bite humans outdoors, often miles from the habitats occupied by the immature stages.
Females of Ma. indubitans and Ma. titillans are vectors of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in the New World tropics (White & Faust, 2014). The latter species is also known to vector the nematodes that cause filariasis.
Species of subgenus Mansonia occur predominantly in the Neotropical Region. The distributions of two species extend northward into the Nearctic Region: Ma. dyari is distributed throughout Central America and occurs in Florida and Georgia; Ma. titillans is widely distributed from Argentina northward into southeastern Texas and Florida.
Lane, 1953 (Neotropical Region, keys, taxonomy, distributions); Ronderos & Bachmann, 1963 (subgeneric status, diagnosis); Ronderos & Bachmann, 1963 (Neotropical Region, descriptions, keys); Forattini, 1965 (Neotropical Region, taxonomy, distribution, biology, keys); Cova-Garcia et al., 1966 (Venezuela, keys, distributions); Belkin et al., 1970 (Jamaica, keys, taxonomy, bionomics, distributions); Clark-Gil & Darsie, 1983 (Guatemala, keys, distributions, bionomics).
amazonensis (Theobald, 1901)
cerqueirai (Barreto & Coutinho, 1944)
chagasi (da [no-lexicon]Costa[/no-lexicon] Lima, 1935)
dyari Belkin, Heinemann & Page, 1970
flaveola (Coquillett, 1906)
fonsecai (Pinto, 1932)
humeralis Dyar & Knab, 1916
iguassuensis Barbosa, da Silva & Sallum, 2007
indubitans Dyar & Shannon, 1925
leberi Boreham, 1970
pessoai (Barreto & Coutinho, 1944)
pseudotitillans (Theobald, 1901)
suarezi Cova Garcia & Sutil Oramas, 1976
titillans (Walker, 1848)
wilsoni (Barreto & Coutinho, 1944)