Uranotaenia pulcherrima Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891.
Subfamily Culicinae, tribe Uranotaeniini. Uranotaenia is the only genus of tribe Uranotaeniini. It includes 263 species grouped into two subgenera, Pseudoficalbia with 142 species and Uranotaenia with 121 species.
Uranotaenia are small, delicate mosquitoes that are characterised by features of the wings. The microtrichia are extremely minute and not visible under ordinary magnification, cell R2 is always shorter than vein R2+3 and cell M2, and the anal vein is sharply curved distally and ends before the base of the mediocubital crossvein. Some species are adorned with silver scales with bluish reflections. Larvae are recognised by the following characters: seta 1-C arises from a distinct process on the anterior margin of the head, seta 14-C is always near the anterior margin at the base of the maxilla, the hypostomal suture is absent, abdominal segment VIII usually bears a sclerite (comb plate) with a single row of comb scales on its posterior margin, the siphon has a single pair of seta 1-S inserted well above the base and a pecten is present that consists of few to many spines. See Uranotaeniini.
The immature stages of Uranotaenia utilise a range of habitats. The larvae of most species inhabit ground waters, including swamps, marshes, stream margins and temporary pools with vegetation, but many also utilise rock holes, crab holes, tree holes, bamboo, plant parts on the ground, leaf axils, flower bracts, pitcher plants and artificial containers. Females rarely feed on humans. The feeding preferences of most species are unknown, but available data indicate that amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals serve as hosts. Adults rest on moist, protected surfaces near the larval habitats and may be found in large numbers in suitable shelters. Many species are attracted to light and are occasionally found resting inside houses.
Most species of Uranotaenia occur in the Afrotropical and Oriental Regions, but several occur in Australia, one in Europe and the Middle East, two extend from the Neotropical Region into the southern USA, and one occurs in the West Indies and from Mexico to Canada. No species are known from New Zealand, New Caledonia or small oceanic islands.
Barraud, 1934 (southern Asia); Edwards, 1941 (adults, Afrotropical Region); Hopkins, 1952 (larvae, Afrotropical Region); Lane, 1953 (Neotropical Region); Galindo et al., 1954 (Panama); Belkin, 1962 (taxonomy, South Pacific); Delfinado, 1966 (Philippines); Belkin et al., 1970 (Jamaica); Peyton, 1977 (subgenus Pseudoficalbia, Southeast Asia); Tanaka et al., 1979 (Japan); Clark-Gil & Darsie, 1983 (Guatemala); Darsie, 1985 (keys, Argentina); Lee et al., 1989 (Australasian Region); Darsie & Pradhan, 1990 (Nepal); Service, 1990 (Afrotropical Region); da Cunha Ramos, 1993 (Afrotropical Region); Rattanarithikul et al., 2006 (Thailand, keys) .
Subgenus PSEUDOFICALBIA Theobald, 1912
abdita Peyton, 1977
abstrusa Peyton, 1977
albimanus da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
albinotata da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
albipes Peyton, 1977
ambodimanga da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
andreae Doucet, 1962
anhydor Dyar, 1907
subspecies anhydor Dyar, 1907
subspecies syntheta Dyar & Shannon, 1924
annulata Theobald, 1901
antalahaensis da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
apicosquamata da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
apicotaeniata Theobald, 1909
approximata Peyton, 1977
ascidiicola de Meijere, 1910
atra Theobald, 1905
bambusicola da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
belkini Grjebine, 1979
bicincta da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
bicolor Leicester, 1908
bifasciata da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
bimaculata Leicester, 1908
bosseri Grjebine, 1979
boussesi da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
breviseta da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
browni Mattingly, 1955
brumpti Doucet, 1951
brunhesi Grjebine, 1979
cachani (Doucet, 1950)
capelai da Cunha Ramos, 1993
carcinicola da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
cavernicola Mattingly, 1954
colocasiae Edwards, 1928
combesi Doucet, 1950)
comorensis da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
confusa Peyton, 1977
contrastata da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
cornuta da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
damasei Grjebine, 1979
demeilloni Peyton & Rattanarithikul, 1970
devemyi Hamon, 1955
diagonalis Brug, 1934
dibrugarhensis Bhattacharyya, Prakash, Mohapatra & Mahanta, 2004
donai da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
douceti Grjebine, 1953
enigmatica Peyton, 1977
fulgens da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
fusca Theobald, 1907
garnhami van Someren, 1948
gigantea Brug, 1931
gouldi Peyton & Klein, 1970
grenieri Doucet, 1951
grjebinei da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
haddowi da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
harrisoni Peyton, 1977
henrardi Edwards, 1935
henriquei da Cunha Ramos, 1993
hervyi da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
hirsutifemora Peters, 1964
hongayi Galliard & Ngu, 1947
husaini Qutubuddin, 1947
jacksoni Edwards, 1935
jinhongensis Dong, Dong & Zhou, 2003
koli Peyton & Klein, 1970
kraussi Grjebine, 1953
laffosseae da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
lavieri Doucet, 1950
legoffi da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
leiboensis Chu, 1981
longitubus da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
lucyae van Someren, 1954
lui Lien, 1968
lunda da Cunha Ramos, 1993
luteola Edwards, 1934
lutescens Leicester, 1908
maculipleura Leicester, 1908
madagascarensis da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
manakaraensis da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
mashonaensis Theobald, 1901
mattinglyi Qutubuddin, 1951
maxima Leicester, 1908
mengi Chen, Wang & Zhao, 1989
micromelas Edwards, 1934
modesta Leicester, 1908
montana Ingram & de Meillon, 1927
moufiedi Peyton, 1977
moultoni Edwards, 1914
musarum Edwards, 1936
nepenthes (Theobald, 1912)
nigricephala da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
nigripes (Theobald, 1905)
nigripleura da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
nigromaculata Edwards, 1941
nivipleura Leicester, 1908
nivipous Theobald, 1912
nocticola Peyton, 1977
novobscura Barraud, 1934
subspecies novobscura Barraud, 1934
subspecies ryukyuana Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad, 1979
obscura Edwards, 1915
ohamai Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad, 1975
ornata Theobald, 1909
ototomo da Cunha Ramos, 1993
painei Edwards, 1935
pallidipleura da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
pandani (Theobald, 1912)
patriciae Peyton, 1977
pauliani Doucet, 1949
pilosa da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
principensis da Cunha Ramos, 1993
propinqua Peyton, 1977
pseudoalbimanus da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
pseudohenrardi Peters, 1955
pseudomaculipleura Peyton & Rattanarithikul, 1970
pseudoshillitonis da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
pylei Baisas, 1946
quadrimaculata Edwards, 1929
quasimodesta Peyton, 1977
qui Dong, Dong & Zhou, 2003
quinquemaculata Bonne-Wepster, 1934
ramosa da Cunha Ramos, 1993
ravenalicola da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
recondita Edwards, 1922
reinerti Peyton, 1977
rickenbachi da Cunha Ramos, 1993
rossi Delfinado, 1966
scutostriata da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
shillitonis Edwards, 1932
signata da Cunha Ramos, 1993
spiculosa Peyton & Rattanarithikul, 1970
spinitubus da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
spinosa da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
spiraculata da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
srilankensis Peyton, 1974
stricklandi Barraud, 1926
sumethi Peyton & Rattanarithikul, 1970
tanzaniae da Cunha Ramos, 1993
tricolor da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
tridentata da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
tsaratananae Doucet, 1950
ugandae da Cunha Ramos, 1993
unguiculata Edwards, 1913
subspecies pefflyi Stone, 1961
subspecies unguiculata Edwards, 1913
xanthomelaena Edwards, 1925
yaeyamana Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad, 1975
yovani van Someren, 1951
Subgenus URANOTAENIA Lynch Arribálzaga
aequatorianna Levi-Castillo, 1953
alba Theobald, 1901
albescens Taylor, 1914
alboabdominalis Theobald, 1910
alboannulata (Theobald, 1905)
albocephala da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
albosternopleura Peters, 1963
amiensis Peters, 1963
andavakae Doucet, 1950
angolensis da Cunha Ramos, 1985
annandalei Barraud, 1926
anopheloides Brunhes & Razafindrasolo, 1975
antennalis Taylor, 1919
apicalis Theobald, 1903
argentipleura da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
arguellesi Baisas, 1935
argyrotarsis Leicester, 1908
balfouri Theobald, 1904
barnesi Belkin, 1953
benoiti Wolfs, 1964
bertii Cova García & Rausseo, 1964
bidentata da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
bilineata Theobald, 1909
bimaculiala Leicester, 1908
bricenoi Cova García, Pulido, Escalante de Ugueto, Amarista & Mora, 1987
briseis Dyar, 1925
caeruleocephala Theobald, 1901
caliginosa Philip, 1931
calosomata Dyar & Knab, 1907
campestris Leicester, 1908
chorleyi Edwards, 1936
christophersi Barraud, 1926
civinskii Belkin, 1953
clara Dyar & Shannon, 1925
coatzacoalcos Dyar & Knab, 1906
connali Edwards, 1912
cooki Root, 1937
davisi Lane, 1943
diraphati Peyton & Klein, 1970
ditaenionota Prado, 1931
dumonti Doucet, 1949
edwardsi Barraud, 1926
falcipes Banks, 1906
fimbriata King & Hoogstraal, 1947
fraseri Edwards, 1912
gabaldoni Cova García, Pulido F., Escalante de Ugueto & Mora R., 1987
geniculata da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
geometrica Theobald, 1901
gerdae Slooff, 1963
grassei da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
hamoni Grjebine, 1953
hebes Barraud, 1931
hebrardi da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
heiseri Baisas, 1935
hopkinsi Edwards, 1932
hystera Dyar & Knab, 1913
incognita Galindo, Blanton & Peyton, 1954
iriartei Cova García, Pulido F., Escalante de Ugueto & Mora R., 1987
joucouri da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
lanei Martinez & Prosen, 1953
lateralis Ludlow, 1905
lebiedi da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
leucoptera (Theobald, 1907)
longirostris Leicester, 1908
lowii Theobald, 1901
ludlowae Dyar & Shannon, 1925
macfarlanei Edwards, 1914
machadoi da Cunha Ramos, 1986
madagascarica da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
mathesoni Lane, 1943
mayeri Edwards, 1912
mayottensis Brunhes, 1977
mendiolai Baisas, 1935
metatarsata Edwards, 1914
micans Leicester, 1908
moramangae da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
moresbyensis Peters, 1963
nataliae Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891
neireti Edwards, 1920
neotibialis King & Hoogstraal, 1947
nivea Leicester, 1908
nivipes (Theobald, 1905)
novaguinensis Peters, 1963
orientalis Barraud, 1926
orthodoxa Dyar, 1921
oteizai Perez Vigueras, 1956
pallidocephala Theobald, 1908
pallidoventer Theobald, 1903
palmeirimi de Meillon & Rebelo, 1941
subspecies dundo da Cunha Ramos, 1993
subspecies palmeirimi de Meillon & Rebelo, 1941
paludosa Galindo, Blanton & Peyton, 1954
paralateralis Peters, 1964
paranovaguinensis Peters, 1963
philonuxia Philip, 1931
pifanoi Cova Garcia, Pulido F. & Escalante de Ugueto, 1981
prajimi Peyton & Rattanarithikul, 1970
pulcherrima Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891
pygmaea Theobald, 1901
rachoui Xavier, da Silva Mattos & da Silva, 1970
rampae Peyton & Klein, 1970
reyi Baisas, 1935
riverai Duret, 1970
roberti da Cunha Ramos & Brunhes, 2004
rutherfordi Edwards, 1922
sapphirina (Osten Sacken, 1868)
setosa King & Hoogstraal, 1947
sexaueri Belkin, 1953
socialis Theobald, 1901
solomonis Belkin, 1953
sombooni Peyton & Klein, 1970
subnormalis Martini, 1920
subtibioclada King & Hoogstraal, 1947
telmatophila Galindo, Blanton & Peyton, 1954
testacea Theobald, 1905
tibialis Taylor, 1919
tibioclada King & Hoogstraal, 1947
trapidoi Galindo, Blanton & Peyton, 1954
trilineata Leicester, 1908
typhlosomata Dyar & Knab, 1907
unimaculiala Leicester, 1908
wysockii Belkin, 1953
yunnanensis Dong, Dong & Wu, 2004